Giemsa stain is a mixture of methylene blue, eosin, and azure B. It is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and attaches itself to adenine-thymidine rich regions. It is a high contrast polychromatic stain. It is used as a standard stain for differential staining of blood and bone marrow smears. It stains different cells in different colour. Giemsa is commonly used stain for G-banding of chromosomes. In G-banding studies, heterochromatic region of chromosomes is stained dark(G-bands) with giemsa whereas euchromatic regions are stained light(R-bands). This helps in identification of chromosomal aberrations.

Phosphate Buffered Saline, pH 7.2 is recommended for preparation of dilutions and blanks for the examination of water, dairy products, foods, utensils and other specimens. This solution gives a pH of 7.2.

Yeast Extract Agar is recommended for plate count of microorganisms in water. This medium is highly nutritive. The organisms grows luxuriantlly on the media. Yeast extract and peptone provide nitrogenous compounds, vitamin B complex and other growth nutrients.The plates should be selected containing 30-300 colonies.

This slant is recommended for cultivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for resistance testing. Lowenstein Jensen Medium Base w/o Starch is recommended for drug resistance testing of Mycobacteria by WHO. Penicillin and nalidixic acid (FD053) along with malachite green prevents growth of the majority of contaminants . RNA (in FD053) acts as stimulant and helps to increase the isolation rate of Mycobacteria. Rifampicin (20 µg/ml) is the antibiotic used for resistance testing.

Description
This medium is used for maintaining microorganisms, cultivating fastidious organisms by enriching with serum or blood and are also used for purity checking prior to biochemical or serological testing.

This medium is recommended for selective isolation and differentiation of coliform organisms and other enteric pathogens screening. Based on lactose fermentation with neutral red as indicator. Detection of Enterobacteriaceae and Coliforms . Selective medium which contains Bile salt mixture and crystal violet which inhibits gram positive bacteria.

Luria Bertani Broth, Miller is slightly different with double amount of sodium chloride as compared to original media described by Lennox. Luria Bertani Broth, Miller is used for the cultivation and maintenance of recombinant strains of Escherichia coli and may be used for routine cultivation of not particularly fastidious microorganisms. LB with or without antibiotics can also be used for selective culture of antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli. Used for non-selective cultivation of E. coli strains for cloning, production of DNA, plasmid DNA and recombinant proteins.

Clostridium Difficile Agar Base is recommended for selective isolation of Clostridium difficile from food and certain pathological specimens.